Chapter 7  

More about antigravitational experiments

 

7.1  Dogs-sled-style flying saucer

A man-made flying saucer can be drawn by a number of antigravitation engines, which can share  |∑a'| (see the set of equations of the antigravitation engine in Chapter One or Chapter Two), that is, the resistance of the flying saucer, as a sled is drawn by a number of dogs.

Each antigravitation engine, however, has the uncertainty in motion, like a sled dog that is not well-trained.

　

7.2  Acceleration and speed of the antigravitation

       engine

 

7.2.1  Antigravitational acceleration is the acceleration     

          of the de Broglie waves

In the set of equations of the antigravitation engine, a is the acceleration of the de Broglie waves[1] of the antigravitation engine.

[1] Peter R. Holland, The Quantum Theory of Motion, First paperback

      edition, Cambridge University Press, 1995, Section 6.8.1.

 

7.2.2  Speed

According to quantum mechanics, in the last graph in Chapter 4, if the wavelength λ → 0,  then in a given area, the speed (not velocity) of a flying saucer is in inverse proportion to the average value of the absolute square of the wavefunction whose boundary conditions include values not in this area, but at the initial point; and when λ → 0, the average speed | v | of a particle in this area is in accord with the speed in the classical mechanics; hence according to Section 7.2.1, the average speed is

|vt| ≈ |v0| + |a t| ,     (λ → 0) ,

where the quantities all take the values of this area.

　

7.3  Near the potential barrier

 

7.3.1  The man-made flying saucer

The object causing  | Σa' | can be the potential barrier. Obstacles, such as the land, the sea, the cloud, the mountain and the air current, can all become the potential barrier, and make the de Broglie waves of the gfm (gravitational field matter) ball particle of a flying saucer the wavefunction in the potential barrier region. According to quantum mechanics, a wavefunction in the potential barrier region has nodes, unless it is of the ground state.

 

7.3.2  Similar facts

When a UFO is near barriers, it is often seen leaping once and once again, or being in the state of stagnation, or travelling to and fro.

　

7.3.3  Slow rotation might cause faster flight

It can be known from the experiment described in Chapter 4 that, when the rotation part turns slow, the mass of its gfm ball particle is small, and hence, according to quantum mechanics, the "boat" is more possible to have the tunnel effect.

Hence in the experiment, sometimes the rotation part turns slow, but since the boat has the tunnel effect, the motion of the boat is possibly not only swifter than when the rotation part turns faster, but also lighter and smoother, contrasting sharply with the motion that is now fast, now slow, leaping once and once again. 

　

7.3.4  Quantum size effect and motion of the flying

           saucer　

In the experiment described in Chapter 1, the water resistance is the potential barrier to the "boat". It can be known from Chapter 4 that, when the rotation part of the boat turns slower, the motion of the boat has longer wavelengths, and hence the motion has greater quantum size effect, so the uncertainty in the momentum of the boat is larger, and the quantum phenomena of the motion are more noticeable; whereas the quantum phenomena of the motion of the boat are less obvious when the rotation part of the boat turns fast.

The same is true for the motion of a flying saucer near the potential barrier.

　

7.3.5  Acting force on the wall of the potential well

According to quantum mechanics, the average acting force of a particle on the wall of the potential well is

< F > = 2 En / L  ,

where < F > is the average acting force, En is the energy of the particle, and L is the width of the potential well. The higher the wall is, the exacter the equation is [1].

The last graph in Chapter 4 shows that the last wavelength of the gfm ball particle, whose quantum phenomena are obvious, is about 1.2 *10-3 m. Hence, according to Section 7.3.4, the width of the potential well formed by the water resistance is about 1.2 *10-3 m. It can be known from Chapter 4 that En is 1.77*10-34 J. Hence there is

<F> = 2 * 1.77*10-34 / (1.2 * 10-3 ) = 2.95 * 10-31 (N)  ,

i.e.

< F > = 2.95 * 10-31 N  .     (1)

Now let's check it according to the solution of the differential equation of a moving particle in theoretical mechanics. The water resistance is

Fr = - m (1/ limit v)2 a (limit v)2 = - m a ,

where Fr is the water resistance, m is the mass of the gfm ball particle, limit v is its limit velocity, and a is its acceleration.

It can be known from Chapter 4 that mn = 1.236 * 10-26 kg,  a = 2.192 * 10-5  ms-2.

Hence there is

- m * a = - mn * a = - 2.71 * 10-31 N  ,           when m = mn  ;

i.e.

Fr = - 2.71 * 10-31 N  .

According to Newton's third law, the acting force F is

 F  = 2.71 * 10-31 N  .     (2)

[1] Qian Bochu, Zeng Jinyan, Selection and Analyses of the Problems in Quantum Mechanics, (Chinese edition,) 2rd ed., Science Press, Beijing, January 1999, Vol. 1. pp. 6—7.

 

7.4  When antigravitation works, the outer ring of the

       flying saucer turns slower.

When antigravitation works, the gfm ball particle has formed, and the rotation of the rotation part joins the rotation of the gfm ball particle, and hence their angular momentum is canceled out mainly by the angular momentum of the gravitational field matter outside the gfm ball particle instead of by the angular momentum of the base of the motor, and hence the rotation of the washbasin in the experiment described in Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 becomes less obvious.

Hence when antigravitation works, the outer ring of the man-made flying saucer turns slower.

 

7.5  Larger rotation speed, larger probability of

       sideways motion

There is a probability that the gfm (gravitational field matter) ball particle moves sideways along the surface wavefront of its de Broglie waves.

Hence in the experiment described in Chapter 1, there is a probability that the "boat" moves sideways.

So there is a probability of the man-made flying saucer moving sideways.

When the de Broglie waves move among the potential barriers formed by the water resistance, interference fringes form.

If the wavelengths are shorter, then the bright fringes are closer together, or in other words, the probability wave crests are closer together, and the heights of the neighbouring crests are similar; therefore the probability of finding the particle moving sideways is larger.

So in the experiment described in Chapter 1, a boat with a fast-turning rotation part is more often found moving sideways than a boat with a slow-turning rotation part.

　

7.6  The orbit angular momentum and the spin of an  

        antigravitation engine

In quantum mechanics, a particle is treated as a point particle. Hence, like the electron cloud, a gfm (gravitational field matter) ball particle should be treated as the particle cloud of a point particle. The rotation of the gfm ball particle is the rotation of the cloud according to the wave function, and does not obey the mass-velocity relation in relativity. Therefore when the angular momentum of a gfm ball particle is calculated, its velocity and mass are those when it is in translational motion.

Hence the total angular momentum of the gfm ball particle is caused by the antigravitation engine; the orbital angular momentum of the gfm ball particle is that of its cloud; and its spin is the spin it causes which is of its surrounding "steps" (see Section 6.8 of Chapter 6), which makes one think of the spin networks described by Lee Smolin [1].

Let J be the total angular momentum, L be the orbital angular momentum, and S be the spin. Then there is the relation

J = L + S  .      (1)

In the experiment described in Chapter 4,

r = 4.6·10-3 m, m0 = 4.62·10-28 kg , and v0 = 6.44·10-5 m/s .

Since there is the relation

J = r × m v,

J0 , i.e. the initial value of the total angular momentum of the gfm ball particle, is

J0 = r × m0 · v0   ,

and hence

J0 = 1.3 ħ ;

correct to half a unit, J0 is

J0 = 1.5 ħ   .     (2)

It can be known from the quantization condition for the orbital angular momentum and Equation (2) that L0 , i.e. the initial value of the orbital angular momentum of the gfm ball particle, should be

L0 = 1 ħ   ,

and therefore S0 , i.e. the initial value of the spin the gfm ball particle causes of its surrounding "steps", is

S0 = J0 – L0 = (1.5 - 1) ħ ,

i.e.

S0 = (1/2) ħ  .

More generally, there exists the following relation:

s = (1/2) ħ'  ,

where s is the spin of a certain gfm ball particle, i.e. the spin the gfm ball particle causes which is of its surrounding "steps", and ħ' is the quantum action of the "step" on a certain scale. The value of ħ' is measured from observation.

According to the uncertainty relations (see Section 6.8), an object whose ħ' is larger has a larger range of the present time, and this is one of the causes of the dark matter and the dark energy existing in the universe. (Also see Sections 6.4 and 6.13.)

 

[1] Lee Smolin, Three Roads to Quantum Gravity, Part II, Chapter 10.

 

7.7  The multiplied acceleration of an antigravitation 

        engine

The mass of the gfm ball particle of the rotation part of an antigravitation engine is very small, and hence the wavelengths of the probability waves of the particle cloud are very long; affected by the long-distance probability waves, after a period of time, the electrons can move together as a single particle-like unit close to the wave crest. Hence there is the following equation

m = munit  ,     (1)

where m is the same m that is in the set of equations of the antigravitation engine (see Chapter 1 or Chapter 2), and munit is the mass of the unit stated above; and then when the antigravitational acceleration is calculated, Equation (1) should be substituted in the set of equations of the antigravitation engine.

Since

munit > me ,

where me is the mass of the electron, the acceleration of the antigravitation engine is multiplied.

Sometimes in the experiments described in this site it can be observed that after a period of time the "boat" suddenly accelerates.

Sometimes a UFO hovers for some time, and then suddenly accelerates.

 

7.8  The multiparticle and nonlocal natures of the

       antigravitational theory

Zhang Yongde Pointed out that quantum mechanics has the multiparticle and nonlocal natures. When a particle is near the potential barrier, its momentum and the corresponding energy change, which may be enough to produce new identical particles [1].

Hence both the gfm ball particle and the "spinning step" of spacetime have variable particle numbers, are nonlocal, and obey the principle of indistinguishability of similar particles in local, nonlocal, present and nonpresent spacetime.

Therefore some objects (pipes, say) in and out of the laboratory may become the disturbance device of the antigravitation engine.

 
[1] Zhang Yongde. Quantum "demi-gods and semi-devils" – about various natures 
      of quantum theory. Flowers blooming in the morning and viewed in the sunset –
teaching and studying quantum mechanics. (Chinese edition). Chief compilers: 
Wang Wenzheng, Ke Shanzhe and Liu Quanhui. Science Press, Beijing, October,
2004.

 

7.9  In the antigravitational field time has more 

       than one dimension

In the experiments, sometimes the boat stagnates for too long a time at a position; the possibility of the stagnation is by far larger than that predicted according to the quantum mechanics in Chapter 4, and is similar to that at the beginning of the experiment; sometimes after the stagnation the boat goes backwards, as sometimes a UFO is seen to go back along the route it took; the time of the boat seems to be at the beginning again, or even to go back.

This shows that in the antigravitational field,

1. the "spinning step" of spacetime is a spinning Mobius ring (a round Mobius Strip);

2. according to Sectin 6.8, the radius of the Mobius ring increases as the spacetime curvature, and hence as the energy of the ring, increases;

3. time has more than one dimension; the quantum spinning of the spacetime step forms the basis of one of the time dimensions, and the usual time is another time dimension;

4. the local spacetime can be the Finsler Spacetime put forward by Cao Shenglin [1], in which ds4 is invariant:

ds4 = ( c2 - v2 ) dt4 + ( dx2 + dy2 + dz2 )2  .

 

[1] Cao Shenglin. Relativity and cosmology in Finsler Spacetime.     

      (Chinese edition). Beijing Normal University Press, Beijing, 2001.8.

 

7.10  Equation of the antigravitational quantum of action

7.10.1  The experiment 

In this experiment (please see Chapter 4), the rotation part turns at 13 revolutions per second. The boat moves as far as 0.01 metre. The last level of the speed is 0.00025 m / s on average. The experiment lasts 67 seconds. The radius of gyration of the metal part of the rotation part is 0.0046 metre. The mass of the metal part of the rotation part is 0.01 kilogram.

The following is part of the program written in Mathematica.

rot=13;xx=0.01;limitv=0.00025;tt=67;r=0.0046;

data=Table[{{0,0},{0.001,17},{0.002,34},{0.003,41},{0.004,45},{0.005,47},{0.006,53},

{0.007,55},{0.008,60},{0.009,63},{0.01,67}}];

With the program similar to that in Chapter 4, the following graph can be plotted.

The data look quantized, but the curve plotted according to quantum mechanics is smooth after the point 0.002. This means that besides observing quantum mechanics, antigravitation has the antigravitational quantum of action of its own. When the wave crests having Planck's quantum of action are too far between or too dense, the wave crests having the antigravitational quantum of action show.

According to Sections 6.8 and 7.9, the spin angular momentum of the spacetime step should be directly proportional to the mass of the body, the mass of its gfm (gravitational field matter) ball particle, and Newton's gravitational constant G, and should also be directly proportional to the probability of finding the body at a certain place, and hence should be inversely proportional to the speed of the body.

According to observation, 73% of the material universe is made of dark energy. Hence of the spin angular momentum of the "spinning step" of spacetime, 73% exists in the form of antigravitational energy, and 27% is the spin angular momentum in its usual sense.

Then the equation of the antigravitational quantum of action can be set up:

h' = 0.27 G M mgfm / v  ,     ( 1 )

where h' is the antigravitatioinal quantum of action, M is the mass of the body being dragged by the antigravitational field, mgfm is the mass of the gfm ball particle of the body, and v is the speed of the body.

When h' changes, Planck length, Planck time and Planck mass all change accordingly; and the concept of "spacetime point" changes accordingly too.

According to Hu Ning's theory (see [1] in References and notes in Chapter 4),

mgfm ≈ M v2 / c2 .     (2)

From Eqs. ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), the following equations can be obtained:

h' = 0.27 G M (M v2 / c2 ) / v ,

h' = 0.27 G M2 v / c2 .     ( 3 )

Equation ( 3 ) can be called the equation of the antigravitational quantum of action.

According to the CODATA recommended values (1998), G = 6.673 × 10-11 m3kg-1s-2 , c = 299792458 ms-1.

In the program below the data graph in Chapter 4, let us substitute h' for Planck constant, h'/(2*Pi) for h1, 9.023 for 5.521, and nt = 17 for nt = 10 and calculations give

h' = 5.01168 × 10-36 m2 kg s-1 ,

and the graph obtained below conforms to the data quite well.

When rot = 81, the wave crests having the antigravitational quantum of action are too dense to show, and hence only the wave crests having the Planck's quantum of action show.

The uncertainty relations in Section 6.8 is

  Δx Δp ≥ (ħ' / 2) ;

therefore there are the following relations:

            Δx ≥ h' / [ 4 Δ( mgfm v ) ] ;     ( 4 )

substitution of ( 3 ) and ( 2 ) into ( 4 ) yields

Δx ≥ ( 0.27 G M2 v / c2 ) / ｛ 4 Δ［ (M v2 / c2) v ］｝ ,

Δx ≥ ( 0.27 G M2 v / c2 ) / ［ 4 (M v2 / c2) v ］ ,

Δx ≥ 0.27 G M / ( 4 v2 ) ;     ( 5 )

where Δx is the uncertainty in the position, and is also the diameter of the spinning step of spacetime.

7.10.2  Orbital deviation of Uranus and Neptune 

The gravitational forces of the Sun on Uranus and Neptune are small, and hence the interstellar antigravitation is easy to affect Uranus and Neptune, causing irregularities in their orbits.

7.10.2.1  Uranus 

The mass of Uranus is 14.535 times that of Earth, i.e.

M = 5.9742 × 1024 ×14.535 kg .

The average orbital speed of Uranus is

v = 6.81 × 103 m s-1 .

Substitution of the values of M and v into ( 3 ) yields

h' = 1.03 × 1028 m2 kg s-1 .

Substitution of the values of M and v into ( 5 ) yields

Δx ≥ 2.68 × 106 m .

This is the theoretical value of the orbital deviation of Uranus. The observational value is

Δx = 2.8 × 106 m .

7.10.2.2  Neptune

The mass of Neptune is 17.141 times that of Earth, i.e.

M = 5.9742 × 1024 ×17.141 kg .

The average orbital speed of Neptune is

v = 5.43 × 103 m s-1 .

Substitution of the values of M and v into ( 3 ) yields

h' = 1.14 × 1028 m2 kg s-1 .

Substitution of the values of M and v into ( 5 ) yields

Δx ≥ 4.98 × 106 m .

This is the theoretical value of the orbital deviation of Neptune. The observational value is

Δx = 4.4 × 106 m .

7.10.3  The distance between the Milky Way's spiral arms

 The mass of the Milky Way is mostly in the four major spiral arms. The mass of the Milky Way is 2 × 1012 times that of the sun,`and hence the mass of each spiral arm is about M = ( 1.9891  × 1030 ) × [ 1/4 × ( 2 × 1012 )] kg. According to Oort's formulae, the speed of the disk rotation of the Milky Way Galaxy in the vicinity of the Sun is (25 kms-1 kpc-1 × 7.1 kpc), i.e. v = 1.775 × 105 ms-1 .

Hence there are the following data:

M = 9.9455 × 1041 kg .

v = 1.775 × 105 m s-1 .

Substitution of the values of M and v into ( 3 ) yields

h' = 3.5 × 1061 m2 kg s-1 .

Substitution of the values of M and v into ( 5 ) yields

Δx ≥ 4.5 × 1019 m ,

i.e.

Δx ≥ 4.8 × 103 light years 

or

Δx ≥ 1.5 kpc .

This is the estimated value of the distance between the Milky Way's spiral arms.

The observational value of the distance between the spiral arms in the vicinity of the Sun is close to the above value.

7.10.4  The diameter of the giant void

The spinning step of spacetime drags the inertial frame of the body.

In the large-scale structure of the universe, the giant voids are spinning steps of spacetime.

The mass of the local supercluster is about 1015 times that of the Sun. As a crude approximation, take the speed of the gfm ball particle of the local supercluster with respect to the giant void to be the speed of the galactic halo circling the galactic centre, i.e. 50 km/s.

Then there are the following data:

M = 1.9891 × 1030 × 1015 kg ,

v = 5 × 104 m s-1 .

Substitution of the values of M and v into ( 3 ) yields

h' = 4.0 × 1067 m2 kg s-1 .

Substitution of the values of M and v into ( 5 ) yields

Δx ≥ 1.1 × 1024 m ,

i.e.

Δx ≥ 1.2 × 108 light years ,

or

Δx ≥ 37.0 Mpc .

This is an estimated value of the diameter of a giant void. According to observation, the diameters of giant voids are 20 ~ 100 Mpc.

 

Notes and references

 

[1]  Yang Buen pointed out that the function of the constant η in the planet system, which plays the role of the elementary quantum of action, corresponds to the function of Planck constant ħ in the atomic theory, and that there are the following equations:

c / v = λ n     n = 1, 2, 3 ... ,

η = λ G M / c ,

where v is the average orbital speed of the planet.

See Yang Buen, A Guide to the Quantum Theory for Planets and Satellites, (Chinese edition), 1st ed., Dalian University of Technology Press, Dalian, China, June, 1996, pp. 27, 24.

　

7.11  Equation of the antigravitational elementary 

         charge

The fine-structure constant of the matter whose inertial frame is being dragged by the antigravitational field remains the same; this means that besides having the elementary charge, the matter has also the antigravitational elementary charge. Hence there is the following equation:

(e' / e )2 = h' / h ,

where e' is the antigravitational elementary charge of the matter of which the inertial frame is being dragged by antigravitation, e is the elementary charge, h' is the antigravitational quantum of action, and h is Planck's quantum of action.

Hence there is the following equation:

e' = e ( h' / h )(1/2) .   ( 1 )

Equation ( 1 ) can be called the equation of the antigravitational elementary charge.

 

7.12  Antigravitational electromagnetic waves transmit

         antigravitational quantum of action and spacetime

         curvature

The electromagnetic waves emitted by an object whose inertial frame is dragged by antigravitation can be called antigravitational electromagnetic waves.

For photons there exists the following relation

E = h ν  ; 

hence for antigravitational electromagnetic waves there exists the following relation

E = h' ν,   ( 1 )

where h' is the antigravitational quantum of action.

Hence antigravitational electromagnetic waves have antigravitational quantum of action.  

Since h' can be larger than h , antigravitational electromagnetic waves can have 
1. larger antigravitational quantum of action, 
2. larger spacetime curvature (because its spinning step of spacetime can be larger),
3. larger uncertainty in position and time,
4. larger electromagnetic uncertainty[1], [2]
5. larger energy and momentum (according to Equation ( 1 ) ),
6. a larger tunnel effect, and
7. a larger tunnel effect between vacuums, i.e. a larger tunnel effect between parallel universes[3] .

Gravitation is transmitted by gravitational field matter waves, i.e. antigravitational field waves (please see Section 2.2 in Chapter 2). Since h' of gravitational field matter waves can be very large, h' of antigravitational waves can be very large. Because of the electromagnetic uncertainty relation[1], [2], antigravitational waves cannot keep the electromagnetic neutrality, and hence they become antigravitational electromagnetic waves. According to the equation of the antigravitational quantum of action, h' has a bearing on gravitation. Therefore antigravitational electromagnetic waves transmit spacetime curvature (gravitation).

Hence antigravitational electromagnetic waves can transmit
1. antigravitational quantum of action,
2. spacetime curvature (gravitation),
3. larger uncertainty in spacetime,
4. larger uncertainty in electric field and in magnetic field
5. larger energy density of vacuum, and
6. a larger effect of spacetime tunneling.

Antigravitation engines, foggoid, the stars in the sky and human beings can all emit antigravitational electromagnetic waves. 

 
Notes and references
[1] Lee Smolin, Three Roads to Quantum Gravity, Part II, Chapter 6.
[2] Xue Xiaozhou, A Guide to Quantum Vacuum Physics, (Chinese 
  edition,) 1st ed., Science Press, Beijing, August, 2005, p. 40.
[3] Ibid., p. 16.

 

7.13  Speed of Antigravitational electromagnetic waves

Antigravitational electromagnetic waves transmit antigravitational quantum of action h' and spacetime curvature to the gravitational field matter in free space, or vacuum. Hence free space has h' . Because of the uncertainty relations [1], [2], [3] in the electromagnetic field and in quantum optics, similar to the function of the change in temperature in magnetics, the change in h' can cause the dielectric constant of free space and the magnetic permeability of free space to become larger or smaller, and hence the speed of the antigravitational electromagnetic waves in free space can be smaller or larger than c, which means time can pass slower or faster.

Notes and references
[1] Lee Smolin, Three Roads to Quantum Gravity, Part II, Chapter 6.
[2] Xue Xiaozhou, A Guide to Quantum Vacuum Physics, (Chinese 
  edition,) 1st ed., Science Press, Beijing, August, 2005, p. 40.
[3] D. F. Walls, G. J. Milburn, Quantum Optics, Springer-Verlag, 
      Berlin Heidelberg, 1994, pp. 16, 288, 313.

 

7.14  Antigravitational electromagnetic experiments

7.14.1  h' and the frequency of the change in the voltage of 
            the electromagnetic wave signals

The voltage in the antigravitational field can be measured with a digital multimeter (DMM) with ac volts minimum resolution equal to or better than 0.1 mV.

Set the function/range switch of the above DMM to the minimum range for ac volts measurement, and the voltage value of the electromagnetic wave signals can be measured. This value changes from time to time. 

The know-how is as follows.

(1)  If the value changes too slowly, before the experiment the window can be opened and the television can be turned on to make an environment in which the value changes faster. Place the two test leads side by side.

(2)  In order to avoid the interference from the human body, leave the DMM on the boat.

7.14.1.1  a small h'

When making the experiment stated in Chapter 1, replace the original rotation part with one whose mass is smaller. When the "boat" is moving on the water due to the antigravitation, place the DMM test probes in front of the rotation part and perpendicular to the motor axis. After about two minutes it can be observed that the frequency of the change in the voltage value is lowered. This is because, for this rotation part,  h' < h (as for the way of computing h', please see Equation (3) in Section 7.10.1), which makes the electromagnetic uncertainty in the local space reduced.     

7.14.1.2  a larger h'

If a rotation part whose mass is larger is used in the above experiment, then it can be found that when h' is larger, the frequency of change of the voltage value of the electromagnetic wave signals in the local space is higher. This is because when h' is larger, the electromagnetic uncertainty in the local space increases.

 

7.15  Antigravitational optical experiments

7.15.1  The change in h'  causes the change in the 
            energy levels of the particles

In the experiment stated in Section 7.14.1, stop the motion of the boat with a rod to make the antigravitation disappear (please see the Set of Equations (16) in Chapter 2), and after about two minutes it can be found that the voltage value of the electromagnetic wave signals in front of the boat falls a little.

This is because before the motion of the boat is stopped, the boat is in the antigravitational field and h' < h ; hence the energy levels of the particles in the local space is raised and there is a population inversion, and then another kind of laser is produced.

This might be related to the phenomenon of the rainbow body found in Tibet.

The know-how is as follows.

Lay a wooden ruler over the bathtub. When the boat meets the ruler, the antigravitation disappears (see Set of Equations (16) in Chapter Two).

7.15.2  The change in h' causes the refractive index
            change effect 
 
(Please click here to view the pictures.)

7.15.2.1  In the experiment stated in Section 7.14.1, put a rod in front of the boat into the water, turn on a desk lamp behind the boat, and one can find that, when the boat is moving on the water due to antigravitation, after about two minutes, the shadow on the side of the bathtub under the water surface moves slightly in the direction of the window. (During the experiment, the door of the laboratory should be shut and the computer in the laboratory should be shut down.)

This is because in the local space in front of the boat, h' < h . Near the window the voltage value of the electromagnetic wave signals is smaller, which makes h' easier to dominate in the local space. Hence the refraction index of the medium in the local space above the water in the direction of the window is the smallest, and that under the water in the opposite direction of the window the largest. The light refracts in the direction of the optically dense medium; that is, the light moves in the opposite direction of the window, and hence the shadow moves in the direction of the window.

7.15.2.2  Sometimes, however, the voltage value of the electromagnetic wave signals is larger near the window than that in the inner part of the room; then in the experiment it can be found that the shadow moves in the opposite direction of the window.

7.15.2.3  The know-how is as follows.

 (1)  The comparison can be made easier in the following ways.

(1.1)  Take photographs of the experiments with a digital camera.